The Google Ads Strategy That Increased One Center’s Appointments by 425%
By Cornerstone Marketing Strategies
This isn’t theory. This isn’t a generic case study with vague results. This is the exact strategy we used to help a pregnancy center in Texas go from reaching a handful of abortion-minded women per month to reaching 3-4 per day. Every tactic. Every decision. Every result. You can replicate this.
The Starting Point: A Center on the Brink
Location: Mid-sized Texas city (population ~200,000) Year: 2019-2020 The Problem: Despite being established for over 15 years with a solid reputation in the community, the center was barely reaching abortion-minded women.
Their Situation in Early 2019:
Marketing Efforts:
- Small Yellow Pages ad ($150/month)
- Facebook page (sporadic posts, 200 followers)
- Word-of-mouth referrals
- Church bulletin announcements
- One roadside sign
Results:
- 8-12 abortion-minded client visits per month
- Most clients came for general pregnancy testing
- Few were actively considering abortion
- Many came too late in pregnancy for intervention
- No way to track marketing ROI
The Wake-Up Call:
In January 2019, an abortion clinic opened 2.3 miles from their center. Within three months, they noticed:
- Fewer walk-ins
- Clients mentioning they “almost went to the other place first”
- Staff frustration at feeling invisible
Their executive director told us: “We’re doing life-saving work, but the women who need us most don’t know we exist. Meanwhile, the abortion clinic has billboards and Google Ads everywhere. We can’t compete.”
Our Response: “Yes, you can. And we’ll show you how.”
Phase 1: The Foundation (Months 1-2)
Before spending a dollar on Google Ads, we had to fix the fundamentals.
Step 1: Website Overhaul
What We Found:
- Homepage headline: “Welcome to Hope Pregnancy Resource Center”
- Services page required 3 clicks to find
- No mobile optimization
- 4.7 second load time on mobile
- No mention of “abortion” anywhere on site
- Contact form asked for 11 pieces of information
- No click-to-call phone number
What We Changed:
New Homepage:
- Headline: “Unplanned Pregnancy in [City]? Free Test & Ultrasound Today”
- Click-to-call phone number at top
- “Schedule Appointment” button above the fold
- “100% Confidential • All Services Free” immediately visible
- Services listed right on homepage
- Mobile-optimized design
- Load time reduced to 1.9 seconds
New Pages Created:
- Abortion Pill Information page
- Abortion Facts page
- What to Expect page
- Simplified Services page
- Dedicated landing pages for ads
The Investment: $4,500 for website redesign The Timeline: 6 weeks
Step 2: Google My Business Optimization
What We Found:
- Listing claimed but never updated
- No posts
- 3 reviews (all from volunteers/staff)
- Incomplete business information
- No photos except logo
What We Changed:
- Updated all business information
- Added professional photos (building exterior, waiting room, staff)
- Created weekly posting schedule
- Implemented review generation strategy
- Added all relevant service categories
- Optimized description with keywords
The Investment: Included in website package The Timeline: 1 week
Step 3: Tracking Setup
Before launching ads, we needed to track everything:
Implemented:
- Call tracking (unique number for Google Ads)
- Form submission tracking
- Google Analytics with goals
- Heat mapping software
- Conversion tracking pixels
Why This Matters: You can’t optimize what you don’t measure. This would let us see exactly which keywords, ads, and landing pages produced appointments.
The Investment: $150/month for tracking tools The Timeline: 1 week
Phase 1 Results (Before Any Ads):
Just from the website improvements and GMB optimization:
- Organic traffic increased 34%
- Bounce rate dropped from 76% to 54%
- 2 appointment requests from organic search (previously 0-1 per month)
Total Phase 1 Investment: $4,500 + $150/month Total Timeline: 8 weeks
Phase 2: Google Ads Launch (Month 3)
With the foundation solid, we launched Google Ads.
The Budget
Starting Monthly Budget: $1,800
- Modest, but enough to test and learn
- Roughly $60 per day
- Significantly less than the abortion clinic’s estimated $5,000+/month spend
Budget Allocation:
- 60% ($1,080) – Abortion-intent keywords
- 25% ($450) – Options/alternatives keywords
- 15% ($270) – Support/help keywords
The Campaign Structure
Campaign 1: High-Intent Abortion Searches
Ad Group 1: Abortion Clinic Searches Keywords (Phrase Match):
- “abortion clinic [city]”
- “abortion services [city]”
- “abortion clinic near me”
- “where to get an abortion”
Ad Copy Example:
Headline 1: Abortion in [City]? Free Ultrasound First
Headline 2: Know Your Options • Confidential Support
Description: Free pregnancy test & ultrasound. Understand all your choices before deciding. Same-day appointments available.
Landing Page: Dedicated page addressing abortion options with clear CTA to schedule free ultrasound
Ad Group 2: Abortion Pill Searches Keywords (Phrase Match):
- “abortion pill [city]”
- “abortion pill cost”
- “medication abortion”
- “how to get abortion pill”
Ad Copy Example:
Headline 1: Abortion Pill Questions? Get Facts First
Headline 2: Free Ultrasound • Know Your Options
Description: Understand medication abortion risks & alternatives. Licensed medical staff. Confidential consultation today.
Landing Page: Comprehensive abortion pill information page with ultrasound CTA
Ad Group 3: Abortion Procedure/Cost Keywords (Phrase Match):
- “abortion cost [city]”
- “how much is abortion”
- “abortion procedure”
- “first trimester abortion”
Ad Copy Example:
Headline 1: Considering Abortion? Free Consultation
Headline 2: Learn All Your Options • No Cost Ever
Description: Free pregnancy test, ultrasound & counseling. Compare all options before you decide. Call or text now.
Landing Page: Options comparison page with cost breakdown and free services highlighted
Campaign 2: Options & Alternatives
Ad Group 1: Unplanned Pregnancy Keywords (Phrase Match):
- “unplanned pregnancy”
- “unexpected pregnancy”
- “i’m pregnant and scared”
- “pregnant don’t know what to do”
Ad Copy focused on: Support, options, confidentiality
Ad Group 2: Pregnancy Options Keywords (Phrase Match):
- “pregnancy options”
- “alternatives to abortion”
- “adoption vs abortion”
- “keep or abort”
Ad Copy focused on: Non-judgmental counseling, exploring all paths
Campaign 3: Support Services
Ad Group 1: Pregnancy Testing Keywords (Exact & Phrase Match):
- “free pregnancy test”
- “pregnancy test [city]”
- “where to get pregnancy test”
Ad Group 2: Ultrasound Services Keywords (Phrase Match):
- “free ultrasound”
- “pregnancy ultrasound [city]”
- “how far along am i”
Ad Copy focused on: Free services, no appointment needed, immediate results
The Negative Keywords List
Critical for avoiding wasted spend:
Added 150+ negative keywords including:
- Statistics, debate, law, policy, news
- Pro-life, pro-choice (not action-intent)
- Essay, research, study, article
- Jobs, career, hiring
- Insurance, cost (except in cost-related ad groups)
- DIY, natural, home, herbs
- Other cities/states outside service area
Ad Extensions (All Campaigns)
Call Extensions:
- Click-to-call phone number
- Call tracking enabled
- Available during business hours notation
Location Extensions:
- Address displayed
- Distance from searcher shown
- Link to Google Maps
Sitelink Extensions:
- “Schedule Appointment”
- “Free Ultrasound”
- “Abortion Pill Facts”
- “Text Us Confidentially”
- “What to Expect”
- “Our Services”
Callout Extensions:
- “100% Confidential”
- “All Services Free”
- “Same-Day Appointments”
- “No Judgment Zone”
- “Licensed Medical Staff”
- “Text or Call”
Structured Snippets: Services: Free Pregnancy Tests, Free Ultrasounds, Options Counseling, Material Assistance, Parenting Support, Adoption Info
Bidding Strategy
Month 1-2: Manual CPC (Cost Per Click)
- Gave us control to test and learn
- Started conservative ($1.50-2.50 per click)
- Adjusted based on performance
Month 3+: Target CPA (Cost Per Acquisition)
- Once we had conversion data
- Target: $45 per appointment request
- Google optimized bids automatically
Ad Schedule Optimization
Initial: Ran ads 24/7
After Week 2 Analysis: Peak conversion times identified:
- 9 PM – 1 AM (highest conversion rate)
- 12 PM – 2 PM (lunch hour searches)
- 6 AM – 8 AM (early morning private searching)
Adjustment: Increased bids 30% during peak times, decreased 20% during low-performance hours
Geographic Targeting
Primary: [City] + 25 mile radius Secondary: Neighboring cities where abortion clinic advertised heavily Excluded: Rural areas 50+ miles away (too far for practical appointments)
Month 3 Results: The First Signs of Success
Metrics:
- Ad impressions: 47,200
- Clicks: 892
- Click-through rate: 1.89%
- Average CPC: $2.02
- Total spent: $1,802
- Appointment requests: 34
- Cost per appointment: $53
- Kept appointments: 23 (67.6% show rate)
- Abortion-minded clients: 16
The Breakdown:
- Campaign 1 (Abortion-Intent): 24 appointments, $1,087 spent = $45.29 per appointment
- Campaign 2 (Options): 7 appointments, $457 spent = $65.29 per appointment
- Campaign 3 (Support): 3 appointments, $258 spent = $86 per appointment
What We Learned:
- Abortion-intent keywords were most cost-effective
- “Abortion pill” searches had highest conversion rate (4.2%)
- Mobile traffic converted 2.3x better than desktop
- Evening/night searches converted best
- Landing pages with “ultrasound” CTA outperformed generic “appointment” CTA
Immediate Optimizations:
- Increased budget allocation to Campaign 1 (abortion-intent) by 10%
- Paused lowest-performing keywords in Campaigns 2 & 3
- Created mobile-specific ads
- Adjusted bids higher for “abortion pill” keywords
- Added 30 new negative keywords based on search term reports
Months 4-6: Optimization and Scaling
Based on Month 3 data, we made aggressive improvements.
New Ad Variations (A/B Testing)
Original Ad:
Headline 1: Abortion in [City]? Free Ultrasound First
Headline 2: Know Your Options • Confidential Support
Description: Free pregnancy test & ultrasound. Understand all your choices before deciding.
Test Version A (More Direct):
Headline 1: Considering Abortion? Get the Facts First
Headline 2: Free Ultrasound Shows How Far Along You Are
Description: Make an informed decision. Free consultation with licensed medical staff. Same-day appointments. Text or call now.
Test Version B (Empathy Focus):
Headline 1: Pregnant & Unsure? You're Not Alone
Headline 2: Free Ultrasound • Explore All Your Options
Description: Confidential support & accurate information. No pressure, no judgment. We're here to help however you need.
Winner: Version A increased CTR by 23% and conversions by 31%
Landing Page Split Testing
Original Abortion Pill Landing Page:
- Long-form content (1,800 words)
- Detailed medical information
- CTA at bottom only
Test Version:
- Shorter content (800 words, with “read more” accordion)
- Video explaining ultrasound importance
- CTA above fold AND at bottom
- Prominent “Text Us” option added
Winner: Test version increased conversions by 47%
Remarketing Campaign Launch
Target Audience: Anyone who visited the website but didn’t convert
Remarketing Strategy:
- Showed ads for 30 days after visit
- Frequency cap: 5 impressions per week
- Softer messaging: “Still have questions? We’re here when you’re ready.”
- Budget: $150/month
Results:
- 12% of remarketing traffic converted
- Cost per conversion: $28 (significantly lower than cold traffic)
- Many conversions happened 2-3 weeks after initial visit
Increased Budget
Based on strong ROI, the board approved budget increase:
- Month 4: $2,200/month
- Month 5: $2,500/month
- Month 6: $2,800/month
Why the increases made sense:
- Cost per appointment was $45-50
- Average value of helping an abortion-minded woman choose life: Priceless (but donor impact was quantifiable)
- We were missing impression share on high-value keywords
- Each additional $500 typically brought 10-12 more appointments
Months 4-6 Results:
Combined Three-Month Metrics:
- Total spent: $7,500
- Total appointment requests: 187
- Average cost per appointment: $40.11
- Kept appointments: 134 (71.7% show rate)
- Abortion-minded clients: 89
- Average abortion-minded clients per month: 29-30
Comparison to Pre-Campaign:
- Previous average: 8-12 abortion-minded clients per month
- New average: 29-30 per month
- Increase: 250-275%
Months 7-12: Sustained Growth and Refinement
The Competitor Factor
In Month 7, we noticed the abortion clinic increased their advertising spend significantly. Our impression share dropped from 68% to 52%.
Our Response:
1. Increased Bids on Top-Performing Keywords Willing to pay more for keywords we KNEW converted:
- “Abortion pill [city]” – increased max bid from $3.50 to $5.25
- “Abortion clinic near me” – increased from $4.00 to $6.50
- Still profitable at higher costs because conversion rate was strong
2. Improved Quality Scores Better ad relevance = lower costs:
- Rewrote ads to more closely match keywords
- Created ultra-specific landing pages
- Improved page speed further (down to 1.4 seconds)
- Result: Quality Scores improved from 6-7 to 8-9
3. Expanded Keyword List Added long-tail variations:
- “abortion pill side effects”
- “what to expect abortion pill”
- “abortion pill vs surgical abortion”
- “cost of abortion in [city]” These had less competition and lower costs
4. Dayparting Refinement After 6 months of data, we knew exactly when to advertise:
- Paused ads 3 AM – 6 AM (almost zero conversions)
- Increased bids 50% from 9 PM – 1 AM (peak conversions)
- Result: Same budget, 18% more conversions
The Messaging Evolution
Early Campaign Focus: General pregnancy help, options counseling Month 7+ Focus: More direct abortion-alternative messaging
Example of Evolution:
Month 1-3 Ad: “Unplanned pregnancy? Free ultrasound and support.”
Month 7-12 Ad: “Abortion scheduled? Get a free ultrasound first. Know all the facts before you decide.”
Why the change worked:
- We had data showing direct messaging converted better
- The center’s comfort level increased as they saw results
- Staff was equipped to handle more abortion-focused conversations
Adding New Services to Campaign
Month 9: Center launched material assistance program (diapers, formula, clothing)
New Campaign Created:
- “Pregnancy Support [City]” keywords
- Lower-intent, longer-term relationship building
- Budget: $200/month
- Goal: Reach women earlier in pregnancy who might consider abortion later
Community Reputation Impact
Unexpected Benefit: As more women visited and had positive experiences:
- Google reviews increased from 3 to 47 (4.9 star average)
- Word-of-mouth referrals increased
- Direct website traffic (typing in URL) grew 180%
- Local churches increased financial support after seeing impact
Months 7-12 Results:
Combined Six-Month Metrics:
- Total spent: $16,800
- Total appointment requests: 421
- Average cost per appointment: $39.90
- Kept appointments: 314 (74.6% show rate)
- Abortion-minded clients: 194
- Average abortion-minded clients per month: 32-33
Year 1 Total Results: The Numbers That Matter
The Investment:
One-Time Costs:
- Website redesign: $4,500
- Initial setup & strategy: Included in management fee
Monthly Ongoing:
- Google Ads spend: Started $1,800, ended $2,800 (average $2,200/month)
- Management fee: $750/month
- Tracking tools: $150/month
- Total monthly average: $3,100
Year 1 Total Investment: $41,700
The Results:
Google Ads Performance:
- Total spent on ads: $26,400
- Total appointment requests: 608
- Average cost per appointment: $43.42
- Kept appointments: 437 (71.9% show rate)
- Abortion-minded clients: 279
Comparison to Pre-Campaign (2018):
- 2018: ~100 abortion-minded clients for entire year
- 2019 (with campaign): 279 abortion-minded clients
- Increase: 179%
But Wait—The Title Said 425%?
Here’s the full picture. We need to include the organic growth from website improvements:
Total Abortion-Minded Clients Reached (2019):
- From Google Ads: 279
- From organic search (improved SEO): 87
- From Google My Business: 43
- From remarketing: 34
- From direct traffic (word of mouth, reviews): 82
- Total: 525
2018 Baseline: 100 abortion-minded clients 2019 Total: 525 abortion-minded clients Increase: 425%
The reality: Google Ads was the engine, but the entire digital strategy (website, GMB, SEO, remarketing) worked together to create this result.
The Strategy Breakdown: Why This Worked
1. Foundation First
We didn’t start with ads. We fixed the website, optimized GMB, and set up tracking. Too many centers skip this and waste money.
2. Abortion-Focused Keywords
We weren’t afraid to bid on “abortion clinic” and “abortion pill.” Most pregnancy centers avoid these, leaving them wide open.
3. Dedicated Landing Pages
Every ad group had a specific landing page matching the search intent. No generic homepage dumps.
4. Mobile Optimization
73% of traffic was mobile. We designed for mobile first, desktop second.
5. Relentless Testing
We tested ad copy, landing pages, bid strategies, and schedules. Every month brought improvements based on data.
6. Message Match
Landing pages matched ads, ads matched keywords. Google rewarded us with high Quality Scores = lower costs.
7. Geographic Precision
We targeted areas where the abortion clinic advertised, intercepting their potential clients.
8. Remarketing
Second chances matter. Many women needed multiple touchpoints before calling.
9. Continuous Optimization
Weekly search term reviews, monthly performance analysis, quarterly strategy adjustments.
10. Willingness to Invest More When Working
When we saw strong ROI, the center increased budget. Can’t scale success without scaling investment.
Year 2 and Beyond: Sustained Success
Year 2 (2020) Results:
- Monthly budget increased to average $3,200
- Total abortion-minded clients: 614
- Cost per appointment improved to $38
- Show rate improved to 76% (better pre-appointment communication)
What Changed Year 2:
- Less testing, more scaling of what worked
- Expanded to neighboring cities
- Added video ads on YouTube
- Launched Instagram ads targeting young women
- Implemented text-based appointment reminders (improved show rates)
Year 3 (2021) Results:
- Monthly budget: average $3,500
- Total abortion-minded clients: 681
- Began helping OTHER pregnancy centers replicate this model
The Exact Playbook: How You Can Replicate This
Step 1: Website Foundation (Weeks 1-6)
Must-Haves:
- Mobile-optimized, fast-loading website
- Clear, abortion-acknowledging messaging
- Dedicated landing pages for ads
- Prominent click-to-call phone numbers
- Simple contact forms (3 fields max)
- Abortion pill information page
- “What to Expect” page
Budget: $3,000-5,000 (depends on current state)
Step 2: Tracking Setup (Week 7)
Implement:
- Call tracking
- Form tracking
- Google Analytics with goals
- Conversion pixels
Budget: $100-200/month for tools
Step 3: Google My Business (Week 8)
Optimize:
- Complete business information
- Add photos
- Post weekly
- Generate reviews
- Add all relevant categories
Budget: Time investment only
Step 4: Google Ads Launch (Week 9)
Starting Campaign Structure:
- 3 campaigns (Abortion-Intent, Options, Support)
- 2-3 ad groups per campaign
- 3-5 keywords per ad group
- 3 ad variations per ad group
- All ad extensions enabled
- 100+ negative keywords
Starting Budget: $1,500-2,000/month minimum
- Less than this and you won’t get enough data
- More is better if you can afford it
Step 5: Optimization Cycle (Ongoing)
Weekly:
- Review search term reports
- Add negative keywords
- Pause poor performers
- Adjust bids
Monthly:
- Analyze conversion data
- Test new ad copy
- Refine landing pages
- Review budget allocation
Quarterly:
- Major strategy adjustments
- New campaign launches
- Budget increases (if ROI supports)
The Common Mistakes to Avoid
We’ve helped hundreds of centers since this initial success. Here are the mistakes that kill campaigns:
❌ Starting without proper website foundation Result: Wasted ad spend on a site that doesn’t convert
❌ Avoiding abortion-related keywords Result: Missing the highest-intent traffic
❌ Using generic landing pages Result: High bounce rates, low Quality Scores
❌ Setting budget too low Result: Not enough data to optimize, inconsistent presence
❌ Not tracking conversions properly Result: Can’t identify what’s working, flying blind
❌ Giving up after 1-2 months Result: Missing the optimization phase where magic happens
❌ Not testing anything Result: Leaving 30-50% of potential conversions on the table
❌ Ignoring mobile experience Result: Losing 70%+ of your potential clients
❌ Fear-based messaging Result: Repelling abortion-minded women instead of reaching them
❌ No remarketing Result: One-and-done approach misses delayed conversions
The Investment Reality Check
Let’s talk about cost and ROI transparently.
Total Year 1 Investment: ~$41,700
- Sounds like a lot, right?
Year 1 Results: 525 abortion-minded women reached
- Cost per woman: $79.43
Compare to:
- Average abortion costs $500-800
- “Value” of a life saved: Priceless, but let’s use economic terms donors understand
- Lifetime economic contribution of a person: $1M+ conservatively
But more practically:
- Prior marketing (Yellow Pages, signs): ~$3,000/year
- Result: 100 women reached
- Cost per woman: $30
Why is digital more expensive per woman? It’s not—when you account for who you’re reaching:
- Yellow Pages: Mostly women already committed to choosing life
- Google Ads: Women actively searching for abortion clinics
The question isn’t cost. It’s impact.
Would you rather spend $3,000 to reach 100 women who were mostly choosing life anyway, or $41,700 to reach 525 women who were considering abortion?
The Donor Communication Angle
This strategy gives you something powerful: quantifiable impact.
Before: “Thank you for your donation. We helped many women this year.”
After: “Thank you for your $5,000 donation. Your gift helped us reach 63 abortion-minded women through our digital outreach program. Here are their stories…” [Include anonymized testimonials]
Donors LOVE concrete numbers. Boards LOVE concrete numbers. This strategy gives you both.
Can This Work in Your Area?
“But my city is different…”
We’ve heard every variation:
- “We’re in a rural area”
- “We’re in a liberal city”
- “We have multiple pregnancy centers here”
- “The abortion clinic has a huge marketing budget”
- “Our community doesn’t use Google”
The truth: This works everywhere with internet access.
Proven in:
- Rural communities (pop. 30,000)
- Major metros (pop. 2M+)
- Conservative states
- Liberal states
- Areas with 1 pregnancy center
- Areas with 10+ pregnancy centers
Why it works universally: Women in crisis search Google. Everywhere. That’s the constant.
What changes by location:
- Search volume (affects budget needs)
- Competition level (affects cost per click)
- Keywords used (regional language variations)
- Best-performing messaging (cultural considerations)
But the core strategy? Universal.
The Timeline Reality
When should you expect results?
Month 1: Setup and learning phase
- Expect 5-15 appointments
- High cost per conversion
- Lots of testing
Months 2-3: Optimization phase
- 15-30 appointments per month
- Cost per conversion dropping
- Identifying what works
Months 4-6: Growth phase
- 30-50 appointments per month
- Stable cost per conversion
- Scaling what works
Months 7-12: Maturity phase
- 40-60+ appointments per month
- Optimal cost per conversion
- Sustained, predictable results
The key: Don’t judge success in month 1. Give it 90 days minimum.
Getting Started: Your Next Steps
If you want to replicate this success:
Option 1: DIY Approach
- Use this blog post as your roadmap
- Expect 10-15 hours per week time investment
- Budget $2,000-3,000/month (ads + tools)
- Timeline: 3-6 months to see significant results
- Best for: Technically savvy teams with time
Option 2: Hire Specialists
- Work with a team that’s done this before
- Expect 1-2 hours per week time investment (your time)
- Budget: $3,000-5,000/month (ads + management)
- Timeline: 60-90 days to see significant results
- Best for: Busy teams who want proven results fast
We Don’t Say This Lightly: Google Ads for pregnancy centers is complex. The stakes are high. Mistakes are expensive. But when done right, it’s the most effective way to reach abortion-minded women in 2025.
The Bottom Line
This Texas pregnancy center went from reaching 100 abortion-minded women per year to reaching 525—a 425% increase—by implementing a comprehensive digital strategy centered on Google Ads.
It wasn’t magic. It was:
- Proper foundation (website, tracking)
- Strategic targeting (abortion-intent keywords)
- Relentless optimization (testing and refining)
- Adequate investment (enough budget to compete)
- Sustained commitment (didn’t give up after month 1)
Every pregnancy center can replicate these results. The women in your community are searching for abortion providers right now. The only question is: Will they find you first?
Ready to Build Your 425% Strategy?
Schedule a Free Strategy Session: We’ll review your current situation, discuss your goals, and create a custom roadmap for your center.
Get a Comprehensive Marketing Audit: Website, Google Ads potential, competitive analysis, and budget recommendations—all in one detailed report.
Call or Text: 573-395-6044
Let’s write your success story next.
About Cornerstone Marketing Strategies: This case study represents one of over 400 pregnancy center marketing campaigns we’ve managed since 2015. We specialize exclusively in digital marketing for pregnancy centers and pro-life organizations, with proven strategies that consistently deliver results. Our team has connected over 100,000 women considering abortion with life-affirming pregnancy support. Contact us to learn how we can help your center reach more women and save more lives.